作者:王书瑞
摘 要:研究问答模式有利于我们认识、了解并掌握文化传播机制,正视、弘扬中华哲学与文化。《墨子》的问答模式,主要是“自问自答”,含三式:真自问自答、假自问自答、半真半假自问自答。此种问答,也许有利于更好地传播中华优秀传统文化,树立中华民族之“主心骨”。《那先比丘经》的问答则以“一问一答”为主,主要是弥兰王问、那先比丘答,以“主问客答”形式阐明道理。《那先比丘经》作为佛教经典有其特有的文际传播格式,采用的是直接与问接、亦真亦假、亦主亦被的问答模式。以“三款六式”框架观照之,《那先比丘经》之问答,又可以分为“直款之借”、“不款之用”和“绕款之拿”;每款各有两式,分别是“死直之借”、“活直之借”、“死不之用”、“活不之用”、“死绕之拿”、“活绕之拿”。
关键词:《那先比丘经》;《墨子》:问答学;三款六式。
Abstract The research question and answer mode is conducive to us to understand,understand and master the mechanism of cultural communication, and to face up to and promote Chinese philosophy and culture. The question and answer mode of Mozi is mainly “seIf-questioning and self-answering.” It consists of three types:self-questioning ,self-questioning.self-answering,half-truthing and self-answering. This type of question and answer may be conducive to better disseminating the fine traditional Chinese culture and establishing the “heart of the heart” of the Chinese nation. The Q&A of The Milindapanha was mainly based on the question of “one question and one answer”. It was mainly asked by the King of Shilan and the answer by Qichu.The principle was explained in the form of “the subject asks the answer”. The Milindapanha has its unique intertextual transmission format as a Buddhist classic. It adopts a question-and-answer model that is direct and indirect, true and false,and subjective. Looking at the “three six styles” framework, the question and answer of The Milindapanha can be further divided into “direct loan borrowing”,“unpaid expenses”,and“taking over money”;each has two The styles are “borrowed straight”, “living straight”,”deadly useless”,”living no use”, “taken by death”, and “moving around to take.”
Keywords:The Milindapanha;Mozi; Question and Answer ; Three Types of Six Types
一、《墨子》问答模式考
现存《墨子》一书,为墨子自著和其弟子记述的墨子言论两部分组成。其中,关于墨子的问答模式,以自问自答为主,可以归纳成三种模式,即真自问自答,假自问自答,半真半假自问自答。
1、真自问自答
真自问自答,即墨子的自问自答,我们可以肯定这是墨子自己的设问和自己的回答。比如,《兼爱上》中:
“若使天下兼相爱,人若爱其身,恶施不孝?犹有不慈者乎?视子弟与臣若其身,恶施不慈?不孝亡有。犹有盗贼乎?故视人之室若其室,谁窃?视人身若其身,谁贼?故盗贼亡有。犹有大夫之相乱家、诸侯之相攻国者乎?视人家若其家,谁乱?视人国若其国,谁攻?故大夫之相乱家、诸侯之相攻国者亡有。若使天下兼相爱,国与国不相攻,家与家不相乱,盗贼无有,君臣父子皆能孝慈,若此,则天下大治 。
子墨子言曰:“仁人之事者,必务求兴天下之利,除天下之害。”然当今之时,天下之害孰为大?曰:“若大国之攻小国也,大家之乱小家也,强之劫弱,众之暴寡,诈之谋愚,贵之敖贱,此天下之害也。人与为人君者之不惠也,臣者之不忠也,父者之不慈也,子者之不孝也,此又天下之害也。又与今人之贱人,执其兵刃、毒药、水火以交相亏贼,此又天下之害也。”
再比如,”然而天下之士非兼者之言犹未止也,曰“即善矣,虽然,岂可用哉?”子墨子曰:“用而不可,难哉,亦将非之。且焉有善而不可用者?”姑尝两而进之。谁以为二士,使其一士者执别,使其一士者执兼。是故别士之言曰:“吾岂能为吾友之身若为吾身,为吾友之亲若为吾亲。”
这类属于墨子的自问自答,笔者将其归纳为真答模式。真答由屋子提问,其自己回答,表明想加深对回答的肯定。
2、假自问自答
假自问自答,是相对于真答而言的问答,这类问答往往没有具休人物,由代称问答。比如,墨子中,儒者曰:“亲亲有术,尊贤有等。”言亲疏,尊卑之异也。其《礼》曰:丧,父母三年其,妻、后子三年,伯父、叔父、弟兄、庶子其,戚族人五月。若以亲疏为岁月之数,则亲老多而疏老少矣,是妻、后子与父同也;若以尊卑为岁月数,则是尊其妻、子与父母同,而亲伯父、宗兄而卑子也。逆孰大焉?
其中、儒者,没有具体的姓名,我们将其定义为假答。再比如,儒者曰:“君子必服古言,然后仁。”应之曰:“所谓古之者,皆尝新矣。而古人服之,则君子也?然则必法非君子之服,言非君子之言,而后仁乎?”
又曰:“君子循而不做作。”应之曰:”古者弈作弓,伃作甲,奚仲作车,巧垂作舟,然则今之鲍函车匠,皆君子也?然羿、仔、奚仲、巧拳,皆小人邪?且其所循,人必或作之,然则其所循皆小人道也?”
3、半真半假自问自答
最后一类是半真半假的自问自答,往往这类问答有具体的人物问答。之所以今名为半真半假的问答,其原因是无法确定这些具体的人物是否与墨子进行了问答。
比如,巫马子谓子暴子曰:”子兼爱天下,未云利也;我不爱天下,未云贼也。功皆未至,子何独自是而非我哉?”子墨子曰:今有燎者于此,一人奉水将灌之,一人掺火将益之,功皆未至,子何贵于二人?”巫马子曰:“我是彼奉水者之义,而非夫掺火者之意。”子墨子曰:“吾亦是吾意,而非子之意也。”
子墨子游,魏越曰:“既得见四方之君,子则将先语?”子墨子曰:“凡入国,必择务而从事焉。国家昏乱,则语之尚贤、尚同;国家贫,则语之节用、节葬;国家憙音湛湎,则语之非乐、非命;国家淫僻无礼,则语之尊天、事鬼;国家务夺侵凌,即语之兼爱、非日,择务而从事焉。”
再比如,程繁问于子墨子曰:“圣王不为乐?昔诸侯倦于听治,息于钟鼓之乐;士大夫倦于听治,息于竽瑟之乐;农夫春耕夏耘,秋敛冬藏,息于聆缶之乐。今夫子曰:’圣王不为乐’,此譬之犹马驾而不税,弓张而不弛,无乃非有血气者之所不能至邪?”
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